Why Does Baby Just Duck on Nipples Like a Oacy

Classification based on appreciable show

Duck test

A mallard, known a posteriori, both looking similar a duck and swimming similar a duck.

The duck test is a form of abductive reasoning. This is its usual expression:

If information technology looks similar a duck, swims like a duck, and quacks like a duck, then it probably is a duck.

The test implies that a person can identify an unknown subject by observing that subject'due south habitual characteristics. It is sometimes used to counter abstruse arguments that something is not what information technology appears to exist. The term was popularized in the The states by Richard Cunningham Patterson Jr., Usa administrator to Republic of guatemala in 1950 during the Cold War, who used the phrase when he accused Guatemala's Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán government of beingness Communist. Guzman was overthrown in the 1954 Guatemalan insurrection d'état engineered past the Us Department of Country and the Central Intelligence Bureau.

History [edit]

The French automaton maker Jacques de Vaucanson created a mechanical duck in 1738.^[ane] The mechanical duck would quack, move its head to eat grain which it would announced to digest, and afterward a brusque fourth dimension would excrete a mixture that looked and smelled like duck debris. The irony is that while the phrase is ofttimes cited as proof of abductive reasoning, it is not proof, as the mechanical duck is still not a living duck.

The American poet James Whitcomb Riley (1849–1916) may have coined the phrase when he wrote:

When I see a bird that walks like a duck and swims like a duck and quacks similar a duck, I telephone call that bird a duck.^[2]

Common cold War [edit]

A mutual variation of the diction of the phrase may have originated much afterwards with Emil Mazey, secretary-treasurer of the United Car Workers, at a labor coming together in 1946 accusing a person of being a Communist:

I can't prove y'all are a Communist. Merely when I encounter a bird that quacks like a duck, walks like a duck, has feathers and webbed anxiety and associates with ducks—I'm certainly going to presume that he is a duck.^[three]

The term was later popularized in the United states of america by Richard Cunningham Patterson Jr., United states ambassador to Republic of guatemala in 1950 during the Cold War, who used the phrase when he accused Guatemala's Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán government of existence Communist. Guzman was overthrown in the 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état engineered by the Us Department of State and the Central Intelligence Agency. Patterson explained his reasoning as follows:

Suppose y'all see a bird walking around in a farm yard. This bird has no label that says 'duck'. Only the bird certainly looks similar a duck. As well, he goes to the pond and you notice that he swims like a duck. Then he opens his beak and quacks like a duck. Well, past this time yous have probably reached the determination that the bird is a duck, whether he's wearing a characterization or not.^[iv]

Later references to the duck test include Fundamental Richard Cushing's, who used the phrase in 1964 in reference to Fidel Castro.^{[5] [6]}

In popular culture [edit]

Douglas Adams parodied this examination in his book Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency:

If information technology looks like a duck, and quacks like a duck, nosotros accept at least to consider the possibility that nosotros have a modest aquatic bird of the family Anatidae on our hands.^[7]

Monty Python besides referenced the test in the Witch Logic scene in their 1975 film Monty Python and the Holy Grail:

Bedevere: There are means of telling whether she is a witch!
Villagers: Are there? What? Tell us, then! Tell the states!
Bedevere: Tell me. What exercise you do with witches?
Villagers: Burn! Fire! You burn them! Burn!
Bedevere: And what do you burn autonomously from witches?
Villagers: More than witches! Wood!
Bedevere: Then, why do witches fire?
Villager: 'Cos they're made of woods?
Bedevere: Proficient! ... And so; how do we tell if she is fabricated of wood?
Villager: Build a bridge out of 'er!
Bedevere: Ah, but tin you not too make bridges out of rock?
Villagers: Oh yeah.
Bedevere: Does woods sink in water?
Villagers: No, it floats! Throw her into the pond! Yaa!
Bedevere: What also floats in water?
Villagers: Bread! Apples! Very small rocks? Cider! Gra-Gravy! Cherries! Mud! Churches? Churches! Atomic number 82! Lead!
Male monarch Arthur: A duck!
Villagers: Ooh!
Bedevere: Exactly. So, logically...
Villager: If she weighs the same as a duck, she'south made of wood...
Bedevere: And therefore...
Villager A witch!^[8]

The Liskov Exchange Principle in computer science is sometimes expressed as a counter-instance to the duck exam:

If information technology looks like a duck and quacks like a duck but it needs batteries, yous probably have the wrong abstraction.^[nine]

Vladimir Vapnik, co-inventor of the support-vector auto and a major contributor to the theory of machine learning, uses the duck test as a mode to summarize the importance of simple predicates to classify things.^[10] During the discussion he often uses the test to illustrate that the curtailed format of the duck test is a form of intelligence that machines are not capable of producing.

The philosopher Slavoj Žižek has cited the Marx Brothers' rewording of the duck exam: "He may expect like an idiot and talk like an idiot, but don't let that fool you. He actually is an idiot." The humor of this line lies in its violation of an expected opposite.

Political applications [edit]

In 2015, a variation of the duck test was applied in the revocation of tax-exempt nonprofit status to Blue Shield of California:

In a startling blow to one of California's biggest wellness insurers, the state has revoked the tax-exempt status of Blue Shield of California, forcing the company to pay tens of millions of dollars in back taxes and unleashing a torrent of calls for it to return billions of dollars to customers. The tax board's action 'was an acknowledgment of what Blue Shield was already doing, or not doing,' said Anthony Wright, head of Health Access California, a consumer advocacy group. 'And if it looks like a duck and talks like a duck, information technology should exist taxed similar a duck.'^[11]

Besides in 2015, Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs Sergey Lavrov used a version of the test in response to allegations that Russian airstrikes in Syria were not targeting terrorist groups, primarily ISIS, but rather Western-supported groups such as the Free Syrian Army. When asked to elaborate his definition of "terrorist groups", he replied:

If it looks like a terrorist, if information technology acts like a terrorist, if it walks like a terrorist, if it fights like a terrorist, it'due south a terrorist, correct?^[12]

In 2021, a version of the test was used past Singapore's Minister of Finance Lawrence Wong in response to claims by members of the Progress Singapore Party that their parliamentary motion on free trade agreements was not racist. He said:

But look, if information technology looks like a duck, if information technology walks like a duck, if it quacks like a duck, it is a duck.^[13]

Elephant test [edit]

"difficult to depict, only instantly recognizable when spotted"

Similarly, the term elephant examination refers to situations in which an idea or matter, "is difficult to describe, but instantly recognizable when spotted".^[fourteen]

The term is frequently used in legal cases when there is an issue which may be open to interpretation,^{[fifteen] [16]} such as in the case of Cadogan Estates Ltd v Morris, when Lord Justice Stuart-Smith referred to "...the well-known elephant test. Information technology is hard to describe, but yous know information technology when you see it",^[17] and in Ivey five Genting Casinos, when Lord Hughes (in discussing dishonesty) opined "...like the elephant, it is characterised more than by recognition when encountered than by definition." This decision overruled in part R v Ghosh.^[18]

A similar incantation (used withal as a dominion of exclusion) was invoked by the concurring stance of Justice Potter Stewart in Jacobellis 5. Ohio, 378 U.S. 184 (1964), an obscenity example. He stated that the Constitution protected all obscenity except "hard-core pornography". Stewart opined, "I shall not today attempt further to define the kinds of cloth I sympathize to be embraced within that shorthand clarification; and maybe I could never succeed in intelligibly doing then. But I know information technology when I see information technology, and the motion moving-picture show involved in this case is not that."

Meet also [edit]

• Telephone call a spade a spade – Figurative expression
• Duck typing – Style of dynamic typing in object-oriented programming
• Extensionality – Logic principle
• I know it when I meet it – Colloquial expression
• Identity of indiscernibles – Impossibility for separate objects to have all their properties in common
• Inductive reasoning – Method of logical reasoning
• Operational definition – Defining a concept in terms of specific, replicable actions or procedures
• Philosophical razor – Principle that allows one to eliminate unlikely explanations
• Sympathetic magic – Type of magic based on imitation or correspondence
• The purpose of a organization is what information technology does – Systems thinking heuristic
• Zebra (medicine) – Unnecessarily exotic diagnosis in medicine

References [edit]

1. ^ Brian, Edwards (26 Feb 2015). "Did yous know that the phrase "if it looks similar a duck..." was originally near a mechanical pooing duck?". Mirror (UK newspaper) . Retrieved 25 July 2021.
2. ^ Heim, Michael (2007). Exploring Indiana Highways. Exploring America's Highway. p. 68. ISBN978-0-9744358-iii-1.
3. ^ Sentinel, John (September 29, 1946). "Communist Expose The Case of the Duck". Milwaukee (WI) Sentinel.
4. ^ Immerman, Richard H. (1982), The CIA in Republic of guatemala: The Strange Policy of Intervention, Austin, Texas: Academy of Texas Press, p. 102
5. ^ Denver, Joseph; Ethel Franklin Betts (1965), Cushing of Boston: A Candid Portrait
6. ^ Platt, Suzy (1992). Respectfully quoted. Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service. ISBN978-0-88029-768-4. "Attributed to Richard Cardinal Cushing. Everett Dirksen and Herbert V. Prochnow, Quotation Finder, p. 55 (1971). Unverified."
7. ^ Adams, Douglas (1987). Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Bureau .
8. ^ Monty Python (1975). Monty Python and the Holy Grail.
9. ^ Bailey, Derick. "SOLID Development Principles – In Motivational Pictures".
10. ^ Vladimir Vapnik: Statistical Learning an MIT Artificial Intelligence (AI) Podcast
11. ^ Seipel, Tracy (March 19, 2015). "California drops hammer on Blue Shield tax-exempt status". San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved March 19, 2015.
12. ^ Melvin, Don; Cullinane, Susannah; Tawfeeq, Mohammed (October 1, 2015). "Russia's Lavrov on Syria targets: 'If it looks like a terrorist, walks similar a terrorist ...'". CNN. Retrieved 9 July 2016.
13. ^ "Minister Lawrence Wong's Closing Remarks on The Parliamentary Motion on "Securing Singaporeans' Jobs and Livelihoods" on 14 September 2021". Ministry building of Finance (Singapore). xiv September 2021. Retrieved nineteen October 2021.
14. ^ Valuing and Judging Partners — Beyond the Elephant Test! Archived 2013-06-03 at the Wayback Automobile, Edge International Review, Summer 2006
15. ^ B.Wedderburn, The Worker and the Law (3rd ed, Harmondsworth, Penguin,1986), 116.
16. ^ Catherine Barnard, The Personal Scope of the Employment Relationship Archived 2013-01-26 at the Wayback Machine, in T.Araki and S.Ouchi (eds), The Machinery for establishing and Irresolute Terms and Atmospheric condition of Employment/The Scope of Labor Constabulary and the Notion of Employees, The Japan Found for Labour Policy and Preparation Report, 2004, vol.1, 131-136.
17. ^ Cadogan Estates Ltd v Morris; EWCA Civ 1671 (four November 1998) (at paragraph 17)
18. ^ Ivey v Genting Casinos (United kingdom) Ltd t/a Crockfords; [2017] UKSC 67 (25 Oct 2017) (at paragraph 48)

Further reading [edit]

• Christy, Howard Chandler; Ethel Franklin Betts (1982), The complete works of James Whitcomb Riley

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck_test

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